j galvin, p rooney, a Egan, j tokish, j grassbaugh, b masini, k free, m bastian, l gillette, z colburn

The purpose of this study was to compare gene expression differences in the blood and tissue of patients with anterior shoulder instability with and without significant glenoid bone loss (GBL). The hypothesis was that the severity of GBL would be associated with the expression level of genes in the blood and capsular tissue of patients with anterior shoulder instability.

Consecutive patients with anterior shoulder instability undergoing arthroscopic and open shoulder stabilization were prospectively enrolled. Blood and anterior capsular tissue specimens obtained during surgery were compared between patients with significant GBL (≥10%) and patients without significant GBL (<10%). RNA was extracted, and a panel of 277 inflammatory genes was utilized to quantify gene expression at the RNA level using a probe-based RNA quantification platform. Differential expression analysis was performed to identify genes expressed at different levels between patients with and without significant GBL. The expression levels of the subset of genes identified were used to generate a ridge regression model to predict the severity of GBL. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to confirm probe-based RNA findings.

A total of 17 patients were included, with a mean age of 26 years. Overall, 7 patients had <10% GBL (mean, 2.3%), and 10 patients had ≥10% GBL (mean, 16.4%). There were 9 genes that were identified as significantly differentially expressed in the blood, and 5 of these (IFIT1, IFIT3, IFI44, PRKCB, and OAS2 with P values of 1 × 10−5, 1 × 10−4, 1 × 10−4, 1 × 10−4, and 6 × 10−4, respectively) were confirmed using nonparametric tests. The authors developed a model using the 5 genes to predict the severity of GBL, and this had an accuracy of 88% (95% CI, 64%-99%). By quantitative polymerase chain reaction, IFIT3 was confirmed to be significantly differentially expressed (P = .012).

Galvin JW, Rooney P, Egan A, Tokish JM, Grassbaugh JA, Masini B, Free KE, Bastian MK, Gillette LH, Colburn ZT. Transcriptomics of Anterior Shoulder Instability: Differences in Gene Expression in the Blood of Patients With and Without Significant Glenoid Bone Loss. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025;13(5). doi:10.1177/23259671251336394

a weart, l brown, e florkiewics, g fresinger, k east, n reilly, j song, d goss

Background: Running biomechanics have been linked to the development of running-related injuries in recreational and military runners.

Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to determine if personal characteristics or running biomechanical variables are associated with running-related injury incidence or time to injury in military cadets undergoing training. It was hypothesized that a rearfoot strike pattern, greater rate of impact, or a lower step rate would be related to a greater running-related injury incidence and a decreased time to injury.

Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods: Military cadets wore an on-shoe wearable sensor that analyzed biomechanical variables of foot strike pattern, rate of impact, running pace, step rate, step length, and contact time during cadet basic training (60 days). Running-related injuries during cadet basic training were determined by medical record review. Personal and running variables between the injured and uninjured cadets were compared using independent t tests and chi-square analyses. Time to injury and hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazard regression models, respectively.

Results: Of the 674 cadets who completed the study, 11% sustained a running-related injury. A significantly greater proportion of the injured participants were female (χ2 = 7.95; P = .005) and had a prior history of injury (χ2 = 7.36; P = .007). Univariate Cox proportional hazard regression models revealed greater injury risk in females (HR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.22-3.16; P = .005) and cadets with a prior injury history (HR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.18-2.93; P = .008). After adjusting Cox models for prior injury, females were found to be at a 1.89 times (95% CI, 1.17-3.04; P = .009) greater risk of injury. Running biomechanical variables were not associated with injury risk.

Conclusion: Study results indicated that non-modifiable risk factors such as female sex and prior injury history increased the risk of running-related injury in cadets undergoing military training. Running biomechanical variables measured by the wearable sensor were not associated with injury in this study.

Weart A., Brown L., Florkiewicz E., Freisinger G., East K., Reilly N., Song J., Goss D. (2025) Using Wearable Sensor Technology to Analyze Running Technique and Prospective Running-Related Injuries During United States Military Cadet Basic Training. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. https://doi: 10.1177/23259671241309273

Rhon D, Greenlee T, Dickens J, Wright A

Military females sustain higher rates of lower extremity injuries compared to males. This can include intra articular pathology in the hip. Females are considered to have worse outcomes following hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement and for hip labral repair. To confirm these statements, we queried the current literature.

Rhon, D., Greenlee, T., Dickens, J., & Wright, A. (2021). Are We Able to Determine Differences in Outcomes Between Male and Female Servicemembers Undergoing Hip Arthroscopy? A Systematic Review. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671211053034